Typewriter

Typewriter is a machine, or electronic device with a set of buttons that, when pressed, causing the letters printed on the document, usually paper. From the beginning of his findings before the year 1870 until the 20th century, typewriters widely used by professional writers and workers in the office. Since then, the typewriter has become part of the company's business and become a commercial product around the world. Although still popular with some professions, such as author, typewriter function has been distracted by the presence of other machines.

In the late 1980s, word processing machines and personal computers (personal computer) has replaced the function of a typewriter in several countries in the western world. Nevertheless, typewriters are still used in certain countries in the world today ini.Mesin modern type is the development of the typewriter that was originally created in a simple and gradual. The discovery of this technology involves inventors who work independently, either individually or in groups, which raises antarpenemu competition for decades. This is the same as invention of the telephone, where a number of people each contributed to the discovery of the typewriter so that ultimately create a successful commercial product.


The discovery of the typewriter began in 1714, when Henry Mill obtained a patent for creating a machine that resembles a typewriter. In addition came the discovery of carbon paper by Pellegrino Turri, which is one component of the forerunner of the typewriter. In 1829, William Justin Burt invented a machine called "typowriter", known as the first typewriter. However, these machines work longer than writing by hand, so that Burt can not find a buyer or the management who want to buy those patents. This causes the machine can not be produced commercially. Typewriter was used in a way round, instead of buttons to choose a character, so-called "index typewriter" rather than "keyboard typewriter".

In mid 1800, the global can be seen an increase in business communication. This incident created the need for a mechanical process of writing, so the writing process becomes faster. In 1829 to 1870, the discovery of typewriters in many emerging countries of Europe and America, but none managed to make a typewriter into a product that is produced commercially. Then in 1855, Giuseppe Ravizza, an Italian national, created a prototype typewriter. In the end, in 1861, Father Francisco João de Azevedo, a Brazilian priest, creating homemade typewriter. This discovery raises the claim that he was a true inventor of the typewriter. The claim is then caused controversy. Between 1864 until 1867, Peter Mitterhofer, a carpenter nationals of Austria, has developed several prototype models of a typewriter and it can function fully in 1867.

In 1865, Rev. Rasmus Malling-Hansen created the "Hansen Writing Ball," which later became the first typewriter sold commercially in 1870. Based on the explanation in the book "Who is the Inventor of the Writing Ball" in 1865, the keyboard used in the typewriter is made of ceramic. In the standard-setting process keyboard occurred several experimental stages in the placement of the letter keys are different. Experiments on the placement of these buttons aims to achieve the highest write speeds. This causes Hansen Witing Ball was the first typewriter to produce text faster than writing by hand manually. Experiments on the typewriter that ciciptakan by Malling-Hansen is still experiencing growth from 1870 until around 1880.

First typewriter to be commercially successful was created by C. Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule in 1867. This invention later patented and purchased by E. Remington and Sons, a manufacturing company. This success makes "Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer" managed to become a successful commercial product in the market. This machine is the forerunner of the typewriter that has the layout of the keyboard "qwerty". The success of such sales made typewriters began to be adopted by several other manufacturing companies.

However, this machine is initially still has some shortcomings, among others, the scribe can not see the results of typing directly and the difficulties will be the placement of keys is used to return to its original position. This can then be solved with the advent of "visible typewriters" as Oliver typewriter in 1895.

Proportional spacing
In 1941, IBM declared the discovery "Electromatic Model 04", featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing (proportional spacing). This concept makes typewriters have the same distance on each different character, can display the result type, and introduce innovations at a typewriter ribbon which causes the letters are typed into sharper so that the type becomes more apparent.

Standardization
Manual typewriter achieve standardization of design experience in 1910. This standardization, among others, appear in the form of typewriters and placement of letters in the keyboard. Innovation that emerged was the discovery of the "shift". This button makes a single button can type in two different characters. The "shift" can make the letters into capital letters. In addition, this button can also be used to type certain symbols, one of which is "percent" (%).

There is also a model of "Barlet," which has the "shift" double so that one button has three different functions. These innovations bring positive impact to the producers and consumers. Among others in terms of production cost reduction and simplification in operasionalisasinya. This led to high levels of adoption will this technology. The weakness of the invention the "shift" is located on the mechanism, namely the operation requires more power. This raises difficulties when using these buttons to type certain characters. Then came the discovery of the "shift lock" which is the forerunner of the "caps lock".

Another innovation typewriter appeared in the early 20th century. At that time, typewriters marketed under the name "Noiseless" developed by the Wellington Parker Kidder and marketed in 1917. In 1929, the typewriter is being produced. This discovery failed because they did not managed to attract the attention and enthusiasm of consumers. Given these events then several researchers concluded that the sound of "clack-clack" produced by a typewriter is a consumer preference. It also stated that the claims operation of typewriter that 'silence' is not true.







source : wikipedia.org